Prebiotics are nondigestible components of food that act to modulate and support the gut microbiota. Emerging evidence suggests that they may play an even more significant role than probiotics, performing beneficial metabolic, trophic, and protective functions within the gut, leading to overall cellular, immune and metabolic support. Changes to the diet have been shown to alter microflora within just a few days. Restricted diets typically decrease microbiome diversity, while varied and diverse sources of fiber and polyphenols increase microbiome diversity. High-microbiome diversity has been linked to optimal health and resilience. PreticX™ XOS (xylooligosaccharide) and BioEcolians® α-GOS (alpha-glucooligosaccharide) both promote short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in the colon and Bifidobacteria in the GI tract. While XOS promotes the SCFA butyrate, a major energy source for the colonocytes, α-GOS promotes propionate to support both glucose homeostasis and satiety. Bifidobacterium is the predominant intestinal bacterial genus during the first year of life and is associated with healthy immune development and cytokine balance, both in infants and later in life.